Interstital fluid image
![interstital fluid image interstital fluid image](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/smallintestin-170521190522/95/small-intestinpptxssu-26-638.jpg)
Given the huge economic burden caused by chronic and acute diseases on human beings, it is an urgent requirement of a cost-effective diagnosis and monitoring process to treat and cure the disease in their preliminary stage to avoid severe complications. These results demonstrate the MA technique applicability to a broader range of species and studies and the reuse of animals, leading to a reduction in number of animals needed to successfully complete ISF extraction experiments. As an example of this technique, we report simultaneous quantification of the heavy metals Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Lithium (Li), and Nickel (Ni) within the ISF, compared with whole blood.
![interstital fluid image interstital fluid image](https://cdn.britannica.com/s:190x500/32/94932-004-44E917A9.jpg)
Here, we demonstrate the technique in Sprague Dawley rats, without the need for hair removal, over multiple extractions and weeks. Previously, hairless animal models were utilized, and euthanasia was performed immediately following the procedure. We have previously reported on a minimally invasive technique for the extraction of ISF using a 3D-printed microneedle array (MA) platform for comprehensive biomedical applications. Many basic and pre-clinical small animal studies could benefit from an inexpensive and efficient technique that allows for the in vivo extraction of ISF for the subsequent quantification of molecules in the interstitial space. As an exchange medium for waste, nutrients, exosomes, and signaling molecules, ISF is recognized as a plentiful source of biomolecules. Interstitial fluid (ISF) bathes the cells and tissues and is in constant exchange with blood.